How to improve homeland security in the United States Essay

Since the event of the September 9, 2001 terrorist’s assaults and the consistent dangers by worldwide psychological militants, for example, the al Qaeda, and given the upsurge in other household fear based oppressor organizes inside the United States, a few organizations have must be high watching out for potential assaults. Additionally, different businesses have likewise encountered the unfriendly impact of this danger. Media outlets for example, was at a record-breaking depressed spot after the fear monger assaults of September 9, 2001. Woody Allen (2001) saw that â€Å"Everywhere you look in Hollywood since that terrible day; the diversion scene has been changed, as though torn apart by a monstrous quake. Individuals have come to work feeling like jumpy sleepwalkers, particularly after the studios got FBI admonitions toward the end of last week that they could be potential focuses for fear based oppression. About each studio has been delaying films, giving them face lifts or hurling contents out the window. â€Å" Los Angeles Times 09/25/01 Despite endeavors made by U. S. n contact with different nations to uncover this malevolence, terrorists’ associations keep on equipping themselves with different complex arrangements of weapons, and preparing their supporters each day break. The issue of fear mongering has additionally been confused by psychological oppressor agreeable nations that offer monetary help, military gear and different sorts of help that help execute the wrongdoing. As Rondea (2008) sets ‘Right now, fear based oppressor agreeable nations permit or bolster schools, preparing offices and organizations that influence youngsters into psychological oppressor cause at an early age. They are truly developing fear based oppressors and psychological oppressor supporters. While never having met an American, these kids grow up into people who despise us and trust it is their obligation to obliterate our country. These unpredictable unique further muddles the issue, putting forth attempts to stop fear mongering vain. It is because of these prominent issues that this investigation has been attempted so as to counter this issue and subsequently improve security in the United States. More prominent spotlight has been put on the three most delicate territories that have been every now and again utilized in the past by fear mongers to access the United States. These key territories are: the flight transport division, the visa waiver program, and the data innovation. Flying Transport Department America’s framework for securing and controlling business flying and ensuring its citizens’ wellbeing keeps on being a significant are of concern, particularly after the fear based oppressor assaults of September 11, 2001. The Transportation Security System (TSA) utilizes the utilization of undercover testing to find methods that are probably going to be utilized by fear mongers (Friedlander et. al 1979). This aides in recognizing vulnerabilities and estimating the degree of execution of air terminal frameworks. One of the strategies utilized during these tests include going danger protests through traveler and gear screening frameworks. This has been incited by the acknowledgment that a few fear based oppressors carry risky synthetic substances installed airplane so as to build explosives in flight (Clovis, 2008). Flying security is comprised of a few layers. One layer includes the bureaucratic government’s capacity to react to dangers, both genuine and potential, while an airplane is in flight. The Aviation and Transportation security Act which was instituted in November 2001 shaped TSA as the office responsible for making sure about all types of transportation. TSA has from that point forward, helped out different partners in building up a layered methodology that would ensure the security of business flight. This methodology includes differing yet planned estimates that incorporate furnishing flight and lodge teams with fundamental security preparing, careful and orderly screening of travelers’ and baggage (Dacey, 2003). Reaction to an in-flight danger is, be that as it may, an obligation well past the purview of the TSA. It includes four different offices to be specific: Justice, Defense, transportation, Homeland Security and the National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC). These offices may arrange their exercises utilizing interagency specialized devices in the event of security dangers emerging during in-flight. This coordination endeavors are anyway unpredictable and complex, yet in addition including. The stages included include: recognizing and telling concerned organizations of suspected danger; talking about appropriate data and working in joint effort to evaluate the level of the danger; settling on a choice on the activity to be attempted to counter the danger, and making the move; and where essential, finishing the law authorization reaction after arriving of the flight (Claude, 2008). TSA working in a joint effort with DHS has gained some ground to counter dangers in the avionics business. TSA has for example, planned secretive testing programs on a national and neighborhood level. These projects are chance based and are planned for accomplishing its objectives of recognizing and relieving vulnerabilities in the flying security framework. Also, during the previous seven years, a few effective interagency activities have been embraced by government organizations, some of which have prompted capture and return of suspected psychological militants to the United States to confront preliminary. Also, TSA’s Office of Inspection (OI) has used data on fear based oppressor dangers to improve its national secretive tests and to choose reasonable air terminals for tests dependent on the probability of assault by psychological oppressors. In addition, the government offices have completed in excess of 200 tests including administrative organizations, state and neighborhood members. In any case, a few tests led by TSA have once in a while fizzled. It is proposed that a portion of these disappointments may have been an immediate aftereffect of poor screening hardware that neglects to distinguish danger objects or a disappointment with respect to Transportation Security Officers (TSOs) to follow the screening strategies appropriately. Given that OI doesn't deliberately record explanations behind test disappointments, such disappointments can conceivably restrain TSA’s capacity to counter distinguished vulnerabilities. Different proposals are, in this manner offered to help relieve weakness that may emerge because of such factors. To start with, archiving every single explicit reason for test disappointments identified with Transportation Security Officers (TSOs) and those identified with screening methodology, is basic to flying security. This documentation ought to be done in the undercover testing database so as to assist TSA with perceiving zones that need improvement and attempt the vital strides towards making these upgrades. It is additionally recommended that a deliberate procedure of gathering, breaking down, going of data on compelling practices that are utilized via air terminals whose security levels are honorable, should be set up at different air terminals to help TSA administrators improve the measures of activity in checkpoint screening tasks. Besides, the Office of Security Operations (OSO) needs to consider in time all proposals that OI makes as an immediate aftereffect of secret tests. It should then express its justification for undertaking or not undertaking to address the suggestions made. Moreover, an assessment should be done to see whether the means taken to execute OI’s suggestion really countered the distinguished weakness or didn't. These assessment should be created by OSO since they are better positioned to make development and see the progressions brought by executions suggested (Dacey, 2003). At long last, it is additionally prescribed that so as to relieve vulnerabilities in the transportation security framework, danger and hazard evaluation should be finished. Billions of dollars are spent by the United States every year in countering psychological warfare yet it is suspicious that these assets are diverted in the perfect sums or even in the correct projects. An appraisal would be gainful in helping objective these assets, think about need exercises and abstain from copying exertion (Dacey, 2003). Cybersecurity Federal organizations are stood up to with consistent cybersecurity dangers realized by the expansion in modern assault strategies or the change of average assaults into complex structures that render endeavors to counter them practically incomprehensible. Some prominent models incorporate spontaneous business email (spam), messages focused on deceitfully getting individual or delicate information (phishing) and programming that screens the exercises of the client without the client staying alert or consenting to such interruption (spyware) (Hare, 2008). Despite the fact that activities have been embraced by a few substances working inside the central government, the hazard presented by the mixing of these dangers can only with significant effort be moderated with the accessible gear right now. A portion of the activities previously attempted include: edifying purchasers about these dangers, and focusing on PC wrongdoing (Perrow, 2007). The United States Government Accountability Office (GAO) prescribed that so as to guarantee cybersecurity, various measures would should be embraced. Initially, DHS’s United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team (US-CERT) would need to direct successive digital investigation and admonitions so as to make ideal recognition of assaults and dangers. Also, visit digital assault activities ought to be led and exercises learned be completely actualized. As per GAO’s suggestion, this can be cultivated by finishing every single remedial movement that the office distinguishes. Finally, a technique ought to be set up to facilitate endeavors planned for making sure about or improving control framework digital security (U. S. G. P. O. 2004). The coordination endeavors ought to incorporate sharing of helplessness data with other government organizations just as the private division (Friedlander et. al 1979). What's more, different suggestions made to GAO to alleviate these dangers incorporate performing hazard appraisal occasionally, impl

Organizing and Economizing Connecting Accounting

Question: Examine about the Organizing and Economizing for Connecting Accounting. Answer: Presentation In 1970 there was a hair-bringing change up in the most ideal manner to manage administer accounting research. A few reasons have been suggested for this modify in methodological course by those inquisitive about the difference in accounting thought. To various, a fundamental refinement is a modification in course a long way from attempts to reinforce a speculation of accounting to making hypothesis from a portrayal of enduring practices. (Chambers, 2014) To advertisers of the last expressed, past undertakings to develop a speculation of accounting were vain as there could never be understanding over tremendous bits of the obligations to a hypothesis, for instance, the theories, runs yet most especially the inquiries. Despite the way that a to an inconceivable degree wrong outline the two structures are stepped controlling and positive. (Ball, 2013) Positive accounting can be connected with the honest to goodness point of view of the firm. What's more, the firm is viewed as game-plan of understandings and accounting one instrument to empower the movement and execution of action. In like manner, accounting practices advance to coordinate contracting costs by stirring up action happens before the occasions among moving social affairs. For example, positive accounting gathers that conservatism in accounting in this sense delineated prohibitively as requiring lower (higher) models of certain nature to see setbacks (gains) has starting in contract markets, including regulatory compensation agreements and agreements for bank obligation. For example, missing conservatism, conclusive compensation exercises may reimburse chief in setting of current reports that later declaration shows were anomalous.(Grabe, 2014) The really constraining viewpoint of positive accounting places it in weight with deference significance researches in accounting: the last fight that accounting's crucial part is to regard the firm, and thusly practices like conservatism are risky. The regard importance school underscores the upside of accounting information to respect money related authorities as opposed to its help in contracting works out Positive accounting theory (PAT) is a declaration of neo-normal money related speculation. Pressing to it, is a trust in reasonable decision speculation. That is, important personal responsibility generally recommended by beginning conduct - is the beginning of all budgetary movement. Thusly, for the decision of bookkeeping strategies for knowledge and frameworks and approach PTA personal responsibility is starting reasons. In PAT the firm is delineated furthermore as a party of various exercises a nexus of understandings. Agreements are key checking on a total concentration to make them channel for people to consent to take an intrigue. Regardless, there will contract costs related with the various exercises, for example, expenses of overseeing alongside observing the strategy of the social occasions included and PAT holds those affiliations which should control the expenses of contracting and this will impact the blueprints comprehended, including the bookkeeping structures. (Crawf ord, 2013) There is a capacity among individual having positive and positive yet positive hypotheses are undeniably a kind of positivist assessing. As needs be, PAT holds to most of the basics of positivism. In like manner, the inspiration driving surveying is assessment, portrayal, explanation and control (look for). There are three hypotheses around which PAT's objectives are overseen, viz, the prize arrangement hypothesis, the commitment guarantee hypothesis and the political cost hypothesis. (Minnis, 2017) The prize form hypothesis suggests that head of firms will presumably pick accounting techniques that move uncovered getting from future periods to the here and now dispersion. To invite the requirement for this speculation, see that one of the hypotheses basic positive accounting assessment is office hypothesis. (Unegbu, 2014) PAT doesn't improve acquaint structures or lead us with updated methods. The present recorded cost explanation for estimation of focal points is unsafe by ideals of a nonappearance of 'additivity', yet PAT dismisses these issues. From a general perspective, it legitimizes the issues of the best bookkeeping rules (GAAP) while never attempting to settle them and this in itself isn't excellent PAT can't be decided as being advantageous on the present of its premises. They all have inadequacies in no short of what one respect and when amassed to bundling PAT they give a hypothesis that looks somewhat like whatever can be connected with true blue conditions. The fundamental respect where PAT has been gainful has been in the degree of spread and look into and the explanations behind this untruth more with theory than believability. The premises of PAT are by all record by all record by all record not by any means the only things that have been investigated by connecting with auditors. Isolates in reasonability and research feelings have other than added to the open considering with respect to its thriving. Hypothetical Framework Positive Accounting Theory has been the essential research perspective of the 1980's and 1990's anyway resulting to breaking down PAT this convinces the opportunity to be something of a curious contemplate. This leads us to overview specific enlightenments behind PATs universality. The positive/observational perspective saw the open door as particularly standard around an equivalent time that new age preservationist governments were picked in the USA and the UK. An affiliation can in this manner be made between the rising of governments constrained by theories based around deregulation and 'little government' and an accounting speculation that battles an equivalent point. It is in like manner possible that schools in the USA that supported perspective from corporate financing were driving accounting research as a mechanical social gathering to move the deregulation question that structures the foundation of Positive Accounting Theory. This translates the unquestionable achievement of PAT in the 'ask about development' has little to do with the central focuses or importance of PAT, and by and large more to do with its ideological inquiry that shield the drive of everyone who very quickly hold capital. Everybody who stay to get the prizes of a deregulated government have as requirements be got the accounting research progress to applaud and legitimize their position. The savvy perspective holds the assessments that supervisor, who are pros to the focal, show to their own advantages. Furthermore, they simply get accounting approaches that license them to get, in the view that the firm in like way gets. Indisputable sorts of hypothesis exist, for instance, political expense, reimburse plan and obligation theory that show what points of view make the heads pick one accounting framework over another. Association pay hypothesis The association pay theory conveys that manager who have accounting driving qualities, or installment of them is connect with the association's accounting execution which will move to control the arrangement of bookkeeping and figures to display the accounting execution and it must be acceptable than anything. For example, boss utilizing varying degradation system permitting lower benefits close to the beginning and higher points of interest towards the end. Increasingly arranged officials will in general slight any imaginative work costs since it will chop down power year benefits affecting their pay. The political cost hypothesis expect that affiliations will in general show their good conditions bring around using shifting accounting procedures and frameworks with the goal that the firm doesn't pull in the chance of government specialists, who will have an eye on high favored outlook affiliations. Allowing lower benefits orchestrates away any thought by individuals by and large and the eyes of the affiliation who will put higher control on high getting firms. The devotion/respect theory passes on that authorities will in general show better inclinations (like the prize make/affiliation compensation speculation) to have an unrivaled execution and liquidity position than pay the interest and significant of the commitment they have amassed in the business. The higher the commitment/respect level the more plausible it is that the director will in general use accounting methods and frameworks in intensifying accounting advantage. Centrality and Limitation It isn't without regard since it just clarifies and predicts what people may do, ousting completely on what they should do. (Rihfenti Ernayani SE, 2015) It doesn't give any fix, it doesn't state what ought to occur, rather illuminates and predicts what may occur, which is the explanation behind positive accounting speculation and this is deficient.(Bull, 2014) It perceive that each chief's (virtuoso) and owner's (head) rehearses have a self-interest point of view, with the central focal point of building up their own wealth without thinking about any premonition impacts. (Li, 2015) Right when Positive Accounting Theory was from the start made in the 1970's it depended on upon three speculations, the responsibility speculation, the prize structure theory and the political cost speculation. Since this period anyway there have been no increases to these three, nor has there been any development or advancement of them. Regardless, much research has been played out all through the 1980-90's PAT has stayed extreme in its turn of events and this has potentially incited to the current decrease in vitality for PAT. It has fight that PAT doesn't have any potential for future development and that it will proceed uncertainly in its current edge with no new contemplations. This nonattendance of advance and PATs late diminishing in look into ar

The Benefits of Doing a Research Paper

The Benefits of Doing a Research PaperResearching for a job can be an absolute nightmare. The mind will instantly think that you are always looking to get a better job and then that you have even more reasons to be doing this. We are not saying that your perfect is perfect, but we are saying that if you do not want to just hop on Google and start searching through their thousands of job listings, then you need to know how to perform a research paper.A research paper can be a really good thing. It will save you a lot of time, money and embarrassment if you are applying for a new job or trying to land one. The reason why we say this is because most of the people who apply for new jobs or who land new jobs are asked to write a research paper, which we all know will cost hundreds of dollars. The idea of writing this paper will leave the interviewer feeling very uncomfortable.To get around this, you can create a research paper for yourself and be paid for it. One way of doing this is by u sing a free online research service. This service will allow you to compile your data in a structured format. This will allow you to analyse and present your findings to the employer. All you need to do is write down what you need and then you can continue to use the service to get your information in order.There are many different reasons why people may need to do a research paper. The main reasons for doing a research paper are as follows:You need to do a research paper for the following three reasons. First of all, the reason why you will be doing this is usually because you need to impress your employer. The most common reason for doing this is to prove to the employer that you have the ability to do the job. That they should not be concerned with your weak points or shortcomings because you are still of a high standard and will be able to do the job of your choice.Another reason why you will need to do a research paper is because you want to reach a higher position. Most people will be doing this just to achieve that much sought after promotion and will be willing to write their research paper in order to do this. Once again, they will not actually be writing a paper, they will be adding their name to an endless list of names, without them even knowing that they have done so. This is a great strategy to use when it comes to reaching that higher position.In this modern world, it is very easy to write a research paper. All you need to do is sign up for a service such as this. Once you have joined the service, you will be given a template to work from, and once you have written up a good research paper, you will have your job done for you.One last thing to remember is that you can also use the research paper for other purposes such as interviews. If you have something to say, you may want to take out all the good parts of the job you are applying for and put it into a research paper so that you can send it to the employer.

Ahist 1401 Unit 4 Written Assignment. In An Essay, Discuss

AHIST 1401: UNIT 4 WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT In an essay, discuss the relationship between the arts and the growing body of scientific knowledge during this time. Specifically refer to at least one work of art from each of the three major stylistic periods from this unit (Renaissance, Baroque, and Rococo), and explain how the artist used new scientific knowledge in creating their work. Between the 15th and 18th centuries, art went from the renaissance to baroque to Rococo. There was a distinct connection between science and art. Artists like Joseph Wright â€Å"invented a new subject: scenes of experiments and new machinery as well as the beginning of the industrial revolution.† (Khan Academy, n.d.) During the Renaissance period some important†¦show more content†¦An example of this is Ludovico Cigoli’s ‘Assumption of the Virgin’ (1612). In the Baroque style period. Landscapes were no longer the main subject of art. â€Å"Art was meant to impress, to convince the viewer of its message; art impacted the senses awakening the emotions, and activating – even sharing – the viewer’s space.† (Camara, n.d.) Art during the Baroque period was later seen as bizarre. The proportions were not as correct as in the previous period. Subjects of the art were misshapen and irregular. An example of this would be Francisco de Zurbaran’s oil painting ‘Saint Francis of Assisi According to Pope Nicholas V’s Vision, c. 1640’ The 18th century was known as the Enlightenment. Thinkers of Rococo period were inspired and influenced by scientific revolutions. Artists wanted to ‘shed the light’ on these scientific discoveries and find reason to question the traditional ways of doing things. It is said that â€Å"Enlightenment was a period of profound optimism, a sense that with science a reason – and the consequent shedding of old superstitions – human beings and human society would improve.† (Khan Academy, n.d.) The Rococo period gave birth to thinkers and artists that did not conform. It also brought about the corruption on the monarchy. Ultimately there was a shift from the monarchy to an aristocracy. Aristocracy had the wealth and the power and art

Global Warming And Climate Change - 1124 Words

David Attenborough (an English broadcaster and naturalist) once said, â€Å"[t]here is no question that climate change is happening; the only arguable point is what part humans are playing in it.† Climate change is a pending issue waiting to be addressed and resolved by society as a whole before it is too late. Statistics show that the United States contains only 5 percent of the world s population, but contributes 22 percent of the world s carbon emissions. During the 21st century, global warming is expected to continue and climate changes are likely to increase, including: changes in temperature, precipitation, snow and ice, ocean level, and ocean acidity. The Kyoto Protocol, protocol aiming to reduce the collective greenhouse gas†¦show more content†¦This is a type of greenhouse effect.† Global warming has a negative effect on the planet and its’ occupants. For example, in 2012, the United States had the hottest January to June ever recorded and more t han 22,000 daily high temperature records were tied or broken as stated by the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC). NRDC also states, â€Å"[i]f we don t do more to reduce fossil fuel emissions and other heat-trapping greenhouse gases that are making heat waves more intense, more than 150,000 additional Americans could die by the end of this century due to excessive heat.† NRDC continues with climate change risks, Carbon pollution is the main reason our planet is getting hotter, increasing the chances of weather disasters, drought and flood and hurting our health. Climate change will make matters worse: hotter temperatures and longer dry seasons in the summer create conditions that can lead to more frequent wildfires which can lead to serious health problems, such as asthma attacks and pneumonia, and can worsen chronic heart and lung diseases. The very youngest are also at risk: lower birth weights are found among babies born to mothers exposed to wildfire smoke during pregnancy. Even otherwise-healthy people may experience minor symptoms, such as sore throats and itchy eyes. Who wants to live on a planet where their health is in danger every time they step outside? It’d be nice to, one day, go for a walk amongst

Igor Stravinsky Ceremony of Spring Composers Essay

Essays on Igor Stravinsky Ceremony of Spring Composers Essay In music, the early twentieth century was a time of revolt and alter. Quite possibly the most popular riot in music heritage transpired in Paris in 1913 in the initial functionality of Igor Stravinsky Ceremony of Spring Composers labored inside the early decades from the twentieth century. Besides Igor Stravinsky Composers while in the twentieth century drew inspiration from people and pop music of all cultures Twentieth-century composers integrated things of folks and common music inside of their individual types due to the fact they were captivated to unconventional rhythms, sounds, and melodic styles. An awesome twentieth-century composer who was also a number one scholar in the people music of his fatherland was Bela Bartok choice into the regular business of pitch made use of y twentieth-century composers? The mixture of two conventional chords sounding collective is called a polychord. A fourth chord can be a chord where the tones can be a fourth aside. A chord fabricated from tones just a fifty percent action or even an entire action aside is named a tone cluster to produce new sounds, twentieth-century composers employed nonwestern scales, their scales, historical church modes. The system of utilizing two or maybe more tonal facilities within a similar time is named expanded tonality.The absence of essential or tonality in a musical composition is called atonality. The very first major atonal parts were composed of 1908 by Claude Debussy. Using two or maybe more contrasting and impartial rhythms for a similar time is recognized as a polyrhythm. Radio broadcasts of residing and recorded music commenced to succeed in substantial audiences throughout the 1920s. Among one of the most critical lecturers of musical composition during the twentieth century was Nadia Boulinger Impressionist portray and symbolist poetry as creative actions originated in France. Probably the most essential impressionist composer was Claude Debussy. The time period impressionist d erived from the critic's derogatory response to Perception: Dawn, a portray by Claude Monet. Debussy's music has a tendency to audio at no cost and just about improvisational. Impressionism in music is characterized by the anxiety of tone coloration, environment, and fluidity. A scale created up of 6 diverse notes each individual an entire phase from another is termed a whole-tone scale. The neoclassical motion in music approximately encompassed the yrs 1920-1950. Neoclassical composers favored tonality. Neoclassical compositions are characterized by not misty ambiance Neoclassical composers modeled a lot of in their performs once the compositions of JS Bach. Neoclassicism was a response in opposition to Romanticism and impressionism Igor Stravinsky examined composition with Rimsky Stravinsky's existence took an unexpected transform in 1909 when he fulfilled the director with the Russian Ballet, Sergei Diaghilev. The huge success of Stravinsky's 1910 ballet set up him as being a maj or youthful composer. The well known riot in 1913 was a result of the 1st functionality of Stravinsky's ballet the ceremony of spring Stravinsky's monumental impact on twentieth-century music is because of his improvements in rhythm, harmony, tone colour. Which is the adhering to ballets is just not from Stravinsky's Russian period of time? While in the nineteen fifties Stravinsky drastically improved his type, drawing inspiration within the twelve-tone method. The expressionist motion in music and artwork flourished within a long time 1905-1925.Expressionism is undoubtedly an artwork anxious with social protest. Expressionist composers prevented tonality and regular chord progressions Schoenberg's instructor was himself Schoenberg obtained his profound understanding of music by heading to concert events, actively playing chamber teams, learning scores Alban Berg and Anton Webern were Arnold Schoenberg's learners. When Schoenberg arrived while in the United States of America once th e Nazis seized ability in Germany, he received an instructing posture at UCLA Schoenberg's 3rd period of time, where he created the twelve-tone procedure, commenced close to 1921. An eerily expressive sort of declamation halfway involving tune and speech, released throughout the expressionist interval, is sprechstimme. The purchasing of your twelve chromatic tones in a twelve-tone composition is known as a collection, tone, row, set. Which of your adhering to conditions just isn't accustomed to explain the chromatic tones in twelve-tone composition? Anton Webern was a composer Webern's melodic traces are atomized into two or three be aware fragments. Webern's 5 Parts for Orchestra are scored for a chamber orchestra of eighteen soloists. From 1907 to 1934 Bela Bartok taught at his alma mater and gave recitals during Europe. The melodies Bela Bartok employed for most of his is effective are first themes with people's taste. Who was the main American composer and conductor of band musi c? Leonard Bernstein Charles Ives's father was a(n) insurance policy salesman. Right after graduating from Yale, Charles Ives went into the insurance plan small business. For the duration of almost all of his lifetime, Charles Ives's musical compositions amassed in his barn George Gershwin grew up in Antavka Russia Gershwin remaining significant school with the age of fifteen to be a pianist demonstrating new tunes in a publishers salesroom George Gershwin normally Collaborated using the lyricist Ira Gershwin Porgy and Bess is really a(n) opera William Grant Nonetheless Troubled Island / in NY Every single motion of William Grant Still's Afro-American Symphony is prefaced by traces from the poem by PLD Aaron Copland was born in Brooklyn In 1921 Copland went to France, whereby he was the main American to check composition with Nadia Boulinger In 1925, soon after Copland returned from France, American music intended Jazz In 1925, and for several yrs afterward, Copland's music confirme d the affect of Jazz Appalachian Spring originated to be a ballet rating for the good fashionable dancer and choreographer Martha Graham Alberto Ginastera, considered one of probably the most popular Latin-American composers with the twentieth century, was born in Argentina.One of Ginastera's early functions, Estancia Suite, is Nationalistic. In 1945 Ginastera moved on the U. s. the place he experienced the chance to review while using the very well acknowledged American composer Aaron Copeland Due to the fact Globe War II, musical types have taken lots of new instructions Every one of the next are important developments in music considering that 1950 besides the ongoing composition of symphonies while in the classical model Composers started to change from tonality to your twelve-tone process simply because uncovered it had been compositional The twelve-tone composer whose fashion was most imitated while in the fifties and the nineteen sixties was anton Webern Serialism is really a compositional approach where things serves a unifying notion Twelve-tone compositional strategies utilized to manage rhythm, dynamics, tone colour, along with other proportions of music to make entirely managed and arranged music are named serialism In probability, or aleatory music, the composer pick pitches, tone colour, rhythm, and random approaches All around 1940, John Cage invented the geared up piano, a(n) grand piano whose seem is altered by objects Edgard Varese's Poeme electronique was also created for 1958 Brussels entire world honestly, earliest masterpiece composed in collab with Le Corbusier Ragtime flourished inside the United states of america 1890-1915. One of the most famed blues singers with the twenties, called the "empress in the blues", was Bessie Smith New Orleans model Dixieland flourished while in the U. S 1900-1917. The most important middle of jazz from about 1900 to 1917 was Bebop. Duke Ellington was very important to determine in bebop Duke Ellington's compositions are exceptional for the reason that they've got abundant tone colors, harmony, distinct sounds of specific musicians Bebop differed from previously jazz types in that it applied published preparations with minor improvisation A standard bebop team may well involve saxophone, trumpet, piano, bass, precussion. Certainly one of the best of all jazz improvisers in addition to a towering determine between bebop musicians was the saxophonist Charlie Parker A bebop functionality frequently commenced and finished with the assertion of major topic Amazing jazz associated to bop but far more peaceful. A golden period of American musical theater was designed from about 1920-1960. Leonard Bernstein was a well-known ballet composer/musicals Additionally to his famed musicals, Leonard Bernstein also wrote effective ballet, choral, symphonies The musical loosely according to Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet is west aspect tale Rock has long been described as vocal music with difficult d riving conquer, electrical guitar, amplified audio Early rock grew largely away from region and western, a dance music of African Americans that fused blues, jazz, and gospel types.A folklike, guitar-based fashion involved with rural white Americans is called The Beatles' impact on American rock music can be noticed by later on performers' usage of classical non western devices, unconventional scales, and chord progressions Nonwestern music is most frequently transmitted orally Singers within the Center East and North Africa cultivate a vocal timbre which has a nasal, powerful, and strained tone Probably the most significant means of earning music in the majority of nonwestern cultures is through the voice Musical devices whose audio generator can be a column of air are categorized as aerophones Musical devices whose personal materials could be the seem generator are categorized as idiophones. Nonwestern musical scales normally comprise five, six, seven tones.

Earthworms Essay Thesis Example For Students

Earthworms Essay Thesis Earthworms are classified as Annelida. Annelida mean little rings whichrefers to the many segments in their body. The structure of an earthwormsbody is made up of more than one hundred segments separated by partitions thatdivide the coelum. All segments are identical except by the anterior andposterior ends. The anterior segments reflect the cephalization that is anadaption of burrowing. The head of the earthworm contains the sense organs. Themuscle lines that make up the interior body wall are circular and longitudinal. Earthworms move by anchoring some segments by their setae and contracts thecircular muscles in front of those segments, producing fluid pressure in theanterior coelom cavities. The anterior setae grip the ground, the longitudinalmuscles contract pulling the posterior along. Earthworms burrow and feed on soiland organic matter at the same time. They digest the organic matter andeliminate wastes and undigested matter as dirt and feces called castings. Earthworms are good for the soil because they sucked up soil into the by themuscular pharynx. The soil then passes through a tubelike esophagus to atemporary storage called a crop, and from there to the gizzard. The gizzardwalls grind the soil, releasing and breaking up organic matter. Through theearthworms body via a closed circulatory system it transports oxygen,nutrients, and wastes. The blood travels from the anterior to the posteriorthrough ventral blood vessel and then forward through a dorsal vessel. Aorticarches are five tubes that link the major vessel near the anterior. Smallervessels branch into each segment of the body. Earthworms have no respiratorysystem or no gills. Carbon dioxide and oxygen diffuse directly across the skin. This process can only happen if the skin is moist. Earthworms secretions ofmucus and a thin cuticle help keep the skin moist. Through a long tube callednephridia the earthworms eliminate nitrogenous wastes. Earthworms are sensitiveto touch, light, vibrations, moisture, chemicals, and temperatures. Other senseorgans and the nerves that control individual muscle contractions are present ineach segment. Earthworms are hermaphrodites, but one worm cannot fertilize itown eggs. When earthworms are join to head to tail its called mating. Together they form a mucus around each other. They both inject sperm into themucus. One of their sperms goes to a pouchlike seminal receptable. After aseveral days a mucus and chitin sheath is secreted by the clitelllum a swellingaround the sex organs. When the worm wriggles to slip the sheath off its body,eggs, and sperm are joined and fertilization occurs. Zoology and Animals

Bless Me Ultima Character Growth Essays - Ultima, Bless Me, Ultima

Bless Me Ultima Character Growth A Religious Struggle Only a few books dare to discuss the confusion surrounded by a religious awakening. In Bless Me Ultima, Richard A. Anaya, Premio Quinto Sol national Chicano literary award recipient, challenges standard religion and brings in different ideas through the perspective of a young and confused boy. Due to the new ideas that he is introduced to, the events that occurs especially deaths, and his eagerness for knowledge all leads Antonio to question his religious beliefs. At the end of his struggle to understand, the boy reaches the peace of mind he was seeking. Throughout the book Antonio is introduced to many new ideas. The first is the experiences he has with Ultima. Ultima is a healer who learned her techniques from an old wise man on the llano or prairie. She is sometimes called a bruja or witch. This confuses Antonio because in his heart he knows Ultima represents good and not the evil she is sometimes blamed for. Antonio learns some of the ways of Ultima and begins to understand his surroundings. He knows the name of almost every plant and what medicinal use each has. As the novel continues there is a stronger interpretation of Ultimas powers as she heals Antonios Uncle Lucas. This is the beginning of good versus evil or god versus the devil, Lucas had seen Tenerios daughters performing devil worship in the woods and in return the daughters placed a curse on his hair. When the curse was revoked by Ultima it went into effect against the daughters and as they began to die Tenerio went into an evil rage against the powers of Ultima. Anto nio was then introduced to the Golden Carp and the story of the waters surrounding the town and its influence, which also allows Antonio to question the influence of god within his life, and the new power behind the carp. The next revelation for Antonio is the myth of the golden carp. Antonio learns about the golden carp from Cico, a friend of his. According to Cico, the golden carp was once a god who loved the people of Antonio's town, Guadalupe. The people were not allowed to fish for the brown carp that lived in the river that flowed around the town. These fish were sacred to the gods. However, because of a drought and no food, the people had to eat the carp to survive. This angered the gods. They wanted to punish all the people by death but they relented from killing the people. Instead, they turned the people into carp and made them live forever in the waters of the river- (80). The god who loved the people wished to become a carp like them to protect them from the dangers of the river. The gods agreed and because he was a god they made him very big and colored him the color gold (81). Antonio cannot believe there is a new god and seeks answers from Ultima. Ultima is pleased that he has learned s o much, but says she cannot tell him what to believe for he must decide for himself. The Golden Carp represents all the questions Tony has about religion and morality. Tonys confusion is due to conflicting forces in both these aspects of life. When Cico first introduces the Carp to Tony, he is forced to make a tough decision, Do you believe the Golden Carp is a god? which he skillfully evades until he has the information he wants to make his decision (106). After the emergence of the Carp, Tony begins to question his Catholic upbringing, and he wonders why God punishes people. This is when Tony begins to set his idealism aside and truly looses his spiritual innocence. In the early part of the novel Antonio already starts to begin questioning his relationship with God. The events that occurs throughout the novel especially deaths has a huge impact on the struggles he has with his religious beliefs. In chapter one Antonio takes his first steps toward his loss of innocence, The brown water would be stained with blood, forever and ever and ever. Lupitos death is the first time that he is faced with

IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT part 3 essayEssay Writing Service

IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT part 3 essayEssay Writing Service IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT part 3 essay IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT part 3 essayIDENTITY DEVELOPMENT part 2  essayViolence and injustice against the black people  Caucasians commit violent acts but they aren’t stereotyped because of their acts. In class we talked about Timothy Mcveigh and other home grown terrorists compared to those of Iroquoian descent. If a Caucasian person aboard an airplane its business as usually but if a person with color that speaks the Iroquoian language aboard an airplane there is tension. Caucasians have the freedom to walk into buildings and blow the building up; they can enter a school and kill a bunch of innocent students without their whole race being stereotyped. I take advantage of having a Causation wife. My wife can return things back to Wal-Mart without having a receipt. She able to return an inflatable 10’ water slide after using it for one season and the next year it had a hole in it. Wal-Mart gladly took it back for her.   The video store said we had a $10 late fine I we nt into the store to dispute the amount of the fine. The store manager would not reduce the fine. I went out to the car and told my wife that we still had to pay the fine. She immediately went into the store alone and when she returned to the car the entire fine was written off.   I understand that as much as we all would love to believe that the United States of America is fair, well even with a black president the United States is still unfair. On the CNN news I heard about a senator calling President Barak Obama a liar. Why did the senator feel that he could say this to the president? Was it because the senator was using his power as a privileged American to show the president that the office of the president has power, but not as much power as a white politician?My children are bi-racial but I explain to them that the world perceives them to be black; therefore, there are stereotypes associated with young black males/females. My children are on traveling sports teams such as s occer, and baseball. They attend basket ball and wrestling camps to become better athletes, but I look at their teammates and there are not any black kids on my son’s baseball team. On their soccer team there is one black athlete and two other bi-racial athletes. In my community, if a black family does not have the finances to put their child in sport camps and/or play for travelling teams the child will be over looked and spend a lot of time sitting on the sidelines.It needs to be admitted that on the basis of my own experience, I realized there are differences amongst racial groups but I’m learning how to capitalize on those differences to benefit me and my family. I’m learning about micro-aggressions from this class, so now I can point out to the coach or the store employees those aggressions which are consisted with racism.Black Racial Identity ModelIn order to increase my knowledge to help my future black clients, I reviewed the Black Racial Identity Model (Cross, 1991). The first step is the pre-encounter, which indicates that African Americans have been influenced by the dominant white culture in the belief that â€Å"White is right† and â€Å"Black is wrong†; therefore, blacks tend to distance themselves from other blacks and gravitate towards whites in order to be accepted (Cross, 1991). I now can relate to the statement that my mother would tell me, which is â€Å"you must think your too good to associate with black people, all your friends are white or in an interracial relationship†. I never thought that subconsciously my actions were fitting right into the stereotype of wanting to be accepted by whites, so I stopped my interactions with my own race.   Now I can consciously be aware of whom I’m associating with and for what purpose I’m I associating with them. As a black counselor, I would be able to recognize this disassociation that other clients may bring into a session and not consciousl y realize there action.The second part of the Black Racial Identity Model is Encounter. This phase is where I or the client has a personal brush with racism and then they realize I cannot ever be white and I will never be viewed as equal to Caucasians. This will cause the client to except being black and realize because I’m black I have to expect racism to be aimed at me not matter where I’m at on the hierarchy.  The third phase of the Black Racial Identity Model is Immersion/Emersion. This stage is when I or a client can recognize that I’m black and I’m proud of. The client will surround themselves with other blacks and disassociate with whites. â€Å"At this stage, everything of value in life must be Black or relevant to Blackness. This stage is also characterized by a tendency to denigrate white people, simultaneously glorifying Black people† (Wall, 2012). In the Immersion stage, the client wants to learn as much about their own culture as the y can that their anger towards white dissipates. The client will surround themselves with peers of the same racial background.The fourth phase is internalization stage which indicates that I recognize that I am black and I will associate with my black peers. I will also develop meaning relationships with whites who acknowledge and are respectful of his or her self-definition. At this stage, I’m also willing to befriend other oppressed individuals.  The fifth stage of the Black Identity Model is Internalization-Commitment. Individuals at this stage have developed ways to translate their â€Å"personal sense of Blackness into a plan of action or a general sense of commitment† to the concerns of Blacks as a group, which is sustained over time (Cross, 1991). The fourth and fifth stages are where the client can internalize and understand the true since of their racial identity.I now know of the Black Racial Identity Model which has given me an understanding of myself and my future black clients and the oppression they may be dealing with. I know my clients will not be all black because the community I live in is predominately white; therefore I must also have an understanding of whites, and having this understanding will also helps me in my marriage because my wife is white.Based on Helm’s White Racial Identity Development Model, I can recognize when a Caucasian lack awareness of cultural and institutional racism and White privilege. When they become aware, some experience guilt, shame, and anger at the advantages of being White.   As a therapist, I will be able to help Caucasians explore comfortable way to be White and of ways to resist racism in their environments.

Crime and punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Crime and punishment - Essay Example The similarities between the events of the Genesis and the Gilgamesh flood story intrigue the thought process of critics to notice the rationality or irrationality behind the incidences of crime and punishment in the book. The epoch of Gilgamesh revolves around the 2000 B.C. but the Genesis flood happened in 400 BC that shows the flood occurred in different era (Saunders, 1964). Biblical authors provided their version of the flood to amend the stories for audiences of contemporary society resonating with the culture code and social belief of the people. The mythological elements accommodate the original story. Although there are stark differences between the plots of stories but the leitmotif remains same in both stories. The overwhelming presence of Judeo-Christian population restricts the objective evaluation of biblical stories and legends of other cultures as inbuilt texture of psyche prevents the right interpretation of the messages involved in the stories (Robinson, 2007). The common theme in both stories shares the experiences of human nature to affect threads of life in the society. How society should governs the quality of life and where human units fit into the composition requires the understanding and interrelationship between various elements. The cultural impact in the derivation of conclusion from these two stories shows insinuation of public experiences and opinion of society in the development of character. Even though similarities of episode in the stories of Gilgamesh with biblical tales remain evident but unfolding tales brings the signature of era. The chaos of human society is the trigger point of the God's wrath in the stories of Genesis and Gilgamesh. The text form Gilgamesh affirms the expression of God, "The uproar of mankind is intolerable and sleep is no longer possible by reasons of the Babel" (Gilgamesh 12).The absence of logic in God's anger in the story reflects the human perception of the Author in not providing the power of shielding noise. Development of acoustic science in the era of Gilgamesh seems limited as this was not the case of God's wrath in the Babylonian tale. The rationality behind fury in Genesis is acceptable for extinction of human species as man's evil intentions were destroying harmony. The text says, "It repented the Lord that he had made man on the earth, and it grieved him at his heart" (Genesis. 6:6). The God's anguish is apparent in the expression, "I will destroy man whom I have created from the face of the earth. . . "(Genesis. 6:7). The discussion in the current paragraph provides the ins tance of authorities' role in applying control mechanism to sustain the social discipline. God as authority administers the enforcement of law to protect the goodness in the people for preventing crimes. The harsh punishment in the story does not justify the regulation measurement of GOD as the severity level of crime should be taken into account. Reformation exercise for crime is better option in comparison to destruction of culprit. The gap in system of crime and punishment across the different era improves understanding evolvement of human society if ideological beliefs of modern

German last papers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

German last papers - Essay Example The unfairness was exploited by Adolf Hitler and the Nazis to create the conditions for their murderous tyranny and the destruction of much of Europe. Those who suggest that the war had simpler origins, such as the exploitation of Germany by Jews—as both these stories suggest—are living in a fantasy world. Adolf Hitler was the victim of no one. He believed in the will to power and would let no one prevent him from achieving his aims. It is very true that Jews hated Hitler, but they hated him in response to his hatred of them and his rabid persecution of them. These stories are fabricated and are full of lies. They are typical examples of anti-Semitic propaganda. Part of the reason that anti-Semitism is still around in these various forms is because it has a rich historical tradition (Lazare, 7). As the writer David Solway writes: Anti-Semitism and its consequences, as they act themselves out in the social and historical realms, have gradually come to acquire the charact er of a deeply harbored expectation, a necessary effect of an immutable cause, as if it were a part of the phenomenal world, the prolonged absence of which dimly registers as a gap in the normal sequence of events. This gap or hiatus must be filled to restore the equilibrium of things, which is why anti-Semitism is felt as somehow legitimate. It is its recession that is intuited as unnatural (Solway).

Corporate Governance Essay Example for Free

Corporate Governance Essay ABSTRACT This paper examines whether the remuneration of the Chief Executive Officer position in Hong Kong public firms is affected by board composition, given the influence of family control on the boards of many Hong Kong companies. It is hypothesized that I) in family-controlled boards, Chief Executive Officers receiver higher compensation and II) Chief Executive Officers in family-controlled boards serve as Chief Executive Officer positions longer. In family-controlled boards, corporate governance is of very high importance as the independent non-executive directors can exert less influence over the board, compared to non-family-controlled boards (â€Å"dispersed boards†). Keywords: Board composition, Remuneration, Corporate Governance. 1.INTRODUCTION The economic turmoil in Asia in 1997 has led to a wider recognition of the importance of corporate governance. In line with global trends towards higher standards of corporate governance, the duties and liabilities of the directors of the listed companies have therefore become more stringent. It follows that many corporate governance mechanisms designed to monitor board members may be less effective for family-owned and family-controlled firms. However, to attract outside investors, family-owned and family-controlled firms tend to encourage greater independence and monitoring from the board. For the purposes of the study, family-owned and family-controlled are used interchangeably. The reason is that actual family ownership is difficult to ascertain due to various shareholdings and special purpose vehicles that are used, and cannot be deduced from annual reports. Thus, in this study we classify family-control and family-ownership when the board is made of a majority of related family members as a â€Å"family-controlled board†. When it is not, we classify it as a â€Å"dispersed board†. In practice, there are instances where the family owns the majority of a company but comprise of a minority of the board, and it is possible that the family is able to exert influence via other avenues, however, this study will not be examining such. Family-owned firms are common throughout Asia. Studies show that, family-owned firms hold more than 20 percent of the equity of listed companies in Asia, and more than 60 percent of the listed companies have connections with family-owned groups (Bebchuk Fried, 2006). Family-owned businesses represent the predominant form of listed companies in Hong Kong (Standard Poor’s, 2002). Such family ownership structure implies the strong influence of dominant shareholders and provides limited voice for minority shareholders. Compared to the Anglo-American environment, where ownership blocks are less concentrated but institutional investors are more prevalent, in Hong Kong, there is less of a culture for non-executive directors or minority shareholder activists to challenge. Variations in ownership structure may lead to differences in the nature of agency conflicts, the roles of directors may vary in accordance to the ownership structure. For family-owned firms, Shleifer and Vishny (1997) argue that the primary agency conflict is between a family owner and non-family owners. Meanwhile, for widely held firms, Berle and Means (1932), and, Jensen and Meckling (1976) argue that the primary agency conflict is between executives and shareholders. As a consequence, tying remuneration to performance of executives may prove the most efficient way to mitigate this agency conflict. To date, a vast of literatures published in recent years show the growing recognition of influences of family-owned firms and executive remuneration on corporate governance. Many studies have tended to focus on the use of remuneration contracts to align interests of executives with owners in family-owned firms. The rise in executive remuneration in recent years has been the subject of public criticism, which further intensified corporate governance scandals. Therefore, the question whether a correlation exists between remuneration and family-control in board composition at Hong Kong-listed companies. 2.OBJECTIVES In 1994, Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited introduced rules that require listed firms to disclose the remuneration of directors. Before 2004, there was no requirement to disclose the names and remuneration of directors (Cheng Firth, 2005). The Disclosure of Financial Information rule under Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited’s Listing Rules was amended on 31 March 2004 to require full disclosure, on an individual and named basis, of directors’ fees and any other reimbursement or emolument payable to a director. In addition, Hong Kong Financial Reporting Standard 2 requires listed firms to disclose directors’ share-based remuneration. The Code on Corporate Governance Practices forms part of the Listing Rules and came into effect on 1 January 2005. According to the Code on Corporate Governance Practices, Hong Kong’s listed firms should be overseen by an effective board, which should assume responsibility for the leadership and control of the listed firm, and the members of which should be collectively responsible for promoting the success of the firm by directing and supervising its affairs. Directors should make decisions objectively in the best interests of the firm. In regards of remuneration policy for firms’ directors, the Code on Corporate Governance Practices requires the disclosure of information related to the firm’s directors’ remuneration policy and other remuneration-related matters. There should be a formal and transparent procedure for setting policy on executive directors’ remuneration. The Chief Executive Officer, a director in the board of company, will hence have his/her full remuneration disclosed. It is recommended that remuneration should be set at a level sufficient to attract and retain directors of the caliber required to run the company successfully, but companies should avoid paying more than is necessary. However, it is argued that many corporate governance mechanisms designed to monitor board members may be less effective for family-owned firms. However, to attract outside investors, family-owned firms tend to encourage greater independence and monitoring from the board. In Hong Kong, there are quite a number of listed companies have a high concentration of family ownership. It is common for the top executives of family-owned firms in Hong Kong to be family members. The rise of remuneration of family executives in family-owned firms has been the subject of public criticism. Recognizing this, the purpose of this research is to find out whether there is any relationship between family-board-control of firms and remuneration of Chief Executive Officers. To summarize, this study revolves around the following major objectives. †¢ To test whether there are significant differences in Chief Executive Officers’ remuneration for family-controlled and non-family-controlled firms (specifically firms with family-controlled boards and firms without family-controlled boards); †¢ To find out whether â€Å"Family Chief Executive Offices† (cases where the Chief Executive Officer are family members of the family-controlled boards) are awarded excessive compensation, compromising standards of corporate governance; †¢ To examine the tenure of Chief Executive Officers for family-controlled firms vs non-family-controlled firms, given that there may be differences in the board’s ongoing approval and demand of the results delivered by the Chief Executive Office; and †¢ To test whether there are significant differences in corporate governance structure of family-controlled and non-family-controlled firms. 3.LITERATURES REVIEW, HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENT 3.1 Agency theory It is commonly acknowledged that ownership structure, the basis of corporate governance, is important to the overall performance of firms. While there are a large number of literatures discussing ownership structure, agency theory is frequently cited as a foundation. In modern corporations, the separation of ownership and control leads to agency conflicts that can be alleviated through various corporate governance mechanisms (Fama and Jensen, 1983). As one such mechanism, compensation schemes are designed to provide incentives that align the behavior of agents to act on behalf of principles (Jensen and Meckling, 1976). This relationship between executive compensation and firm performance has received considerable attention from the general public and academics. One of the issues in the field of management is the impact of family influence (Mishra et. al., 2001; McConaughy et. al., 1998) and corporate governance on the value of a firm (Khatri et al., 2001; Kwak, 2003; Black et al., 2003). There are various studies in diverse areas like accounting, economics, finance, law and management have been conducted to study such impact (Mishra et al., 2001; Kwak, 2003; Blacket al., 2003; Andersen and Reeb, 2003). These studies have resulted in interesting and useful observations. According to Alchian and Demsetz (1972), the principal agent problem comes from hidden action due to asymmetric information. The essence of a firm is that, it permits people to work as a team. It is the cooperation of a team that leads to a firm’s output. Thus, the agency problem inevitably arises in corporate governance. According to Jensen and Meckling (1976), agent problem arises from the conflict of interests between shareholders as the principals and the executives as the agents. Consequently, residual control rights fall into the hands of management instead of the residual cash flow claimants. As a result, the sum of monitoring expenditures be incurred by the principal, bonding expenditures incurred by the agent, and the value of the lost residual borne by the principal are included as the cost of agency. In general, when ownership of a firm becomes more dispersed, the agency problem will be deteriorated due to the inability of the relatively small shareholders to monitor the behavior of management. The monitoring of managers by shareholders is also weakened by free-rider problem. To mitigate the problem of agency, Ang (2000) and Denis and Sarin (1999) suggested the shareholding of management to be increased in order to make the executive a significant claimant. An inverse correlation exists between the dispersed ownership and firm performance (Berle and Means, 1932), because executives’ interests do not coincide with the interest of shareholders so that corporate resources are not used for the maximization of shareholders’ wealth. This view has been supported by many scholars. Shleifer and Vishny (1986), McConnell and Servaes (1990), and Zingales (1995) found a strong positive relationship between ownership concentration and corporate performance. In transitional economies, Xu and Wang (1999) and Chen (2001) found a positive relationship between actual firm performance and ownership concentration for a sample of listed Chinese companies. 3.2Ownership Structure It is common in Hong Kong, that ownership structure is characterized by single dominant owners (Chau Leung, 2006). A report of the Corporate Governance Working Group of the Hong Kong Society of Accountants in 1995 indicated that a high concentration on family-controlled listed firms is highly entrepreneurial and opportunistic in their business strategies, however, the report also indicate that these firms with single dominant owners lack resources and corporate culture to maintain strong internal corporate control. The 2001 Review on Corporate Governance by the Hong Kong Standing Committee for Corporate Law Reform, as well as a report from Standard Poor’s, indicated that family ownership structures present particular challenges. Theoretically, there is a major puzzle regarding the role of family in large firms (Bertrand Schoar, 2006; Villalonga Amit, 2006). In family-controlled firms, threatening factors may negatively influence the firms’ value (Demstez, 1983; Demstez and Lehn, 1985). Table 1 as below lists positive and negative factors affecting the relationship between family control and firm value. It shows that there is still difference of opinion among researchers on this topic of importance. 3.3â€Å"Family† Chief Executive Officers In this study, whether a person belonging to the family acts as a Chief Executive Officer is taken into account. We classify family-control and family-ownership when the board is made of a majority of related family members (â€Å"family-controlled board†). When it is not, we classify it as a â€Å"dispersed board†. Family Chief Executive Officers have substantial stockholdings of 5 percent or more (Daily Dollinger, 1993), with such given bargaining power, can be expected to influence the size and structure of their remuneration packages to their own benefit. Thus, for the purposes of this study, Chief Executive Officers with stockholdings of less than 5 percent are not counted as â€Å"Family Chief Executive Officers†. There are differing opinions on whether such Family Chief Executive Officers have higher or lower remunerations at such family-controlled firms. Some believe that such Family Chief Executive Officers are receiving above-average compensation due to the family-controlled board, as well as their strong ability to influence remuneration committee. Oh the other hand, others take the opposite view and see that Family Chief Executive Officers should be receiving below-average compensation. There is several reasons for this expectation. First of all, both anecdotal (Applegate, 1994; Kets de Vries, 1993) and empirical (Allen Pamian, 1982; Gomez-Mejia et al., 2001; Schulze et al., 2001) evidence suggest that incumbents with family ties to owners enjoy high employment security. As argued by Beehr (1997), the Family Chief Executive Officer inherently plays two overlapping and interdependent roles: a work role as steward of the company, and a non-work role as fulfillment of family obligations. In reciprocity for this role duality, the Family Chief Executive Officer is rewarded with a relatively assured job (Allen Pamian, 1982; Kets de Vries, 1993; Gomez-Mejia et al., 2001). Moreover, some literatures suggested that evaluators are more likely to make positive performance attributions to employees when there are emotional ties between monitoring and those being judged (Cardy Dobbins, 1993). It is expected that in family-controlled firms, board members in their role as monitors may be less inclined to attribute disappointing results to the Family Chief Executive Officer, giving the benefit of the doubt to the incumbent when interpreting ambiguous performance data. Agency theory suggests that there are inherent conflicts between shareholders and executives. Applying agency theory’s logic, the above scenario suggests that in family-controlled firms, risk adverse agents would trade higher job security for lower earnings if they are related to principals. Family Chief Executive Officers mitigate usual agency costs because of their aligned interests with the owners (Anderson Reeb, 2003). The information asymmetry problem in agency relationships may also be reduced given the close ties between Family Chief Executive Officers and the owners. Since they hold high ownership stakes, Family Chief Executive Officers have sufficient incentives to place family welfare ahead of personal interests, thus may perform better than firms with non-family Chief Executive Officers. Barney (2001) suggested that appointing family members as Chief Executive Officers may be beneficial. Tradition, loyalty, and bonding relationships determine how resources are deployed in family firms. Family Chief Executive Officers build common interests and identities (Habbershon Williams, 1999) and play a dual role by being both owners and executives (Chang, 2003; Yiu, Bruton, Lu, 2005). Through social relationships with managers and employees, Family Chief Executive Officers may help to obtain intangible resources such as goal congruence, trust, and social interactions, providing valuable, unique, and hard-to-imitate competitive advantage (Chu, 2011; Liu et al., 2011; Luo Chung, 2005). The Code on Corporate Governance Practices recommends remuneration committee to seek advice from the Chief Executive Officer on the matter of directors’ remuneration. Executives in firms controlled by a large shareholder receive more compensation for performance, than executives in firms lacking a controlling owner (Gomez-Mejia et al., 1987). Mehran (1995) examined the relationship between executive remuneration, ownership structure and firm performance. The results indicate that firms, which have more outside directors, have a higher percentage of executive remuneration in equity-based form. Moreover, the percentage of equity-based remuneration is inversely related to the outside directors’ equity ownership, i.e., the executive’s equity-based remuneration rose if the outside directors’ owned less of the company, and vice-versa. Next, Mehran (1995) turned to firm performance, and its relationship to executive remuneration and ownership structure. He used Tobin’s Q and return on assets as measures of firm performance. He found firm performance to be positively related to the percentage of executive remuneration that is equity-based. However, Mehran (1995) no relationship between firm performance and ownership structure. He concluded that the results support the notion that executive remuneration should be tied to firm performance. There is a vast amount of literature on turnover of the Chief Executive Officer position (Furtado and Karan, 1990; Kesner and Sebora, 1994; Finkelstein and Hambrick, 1996; Pitcher et al., 2000). However, according to Finkelstein and Hambrick (1996), the relationship between remuneration and turnover has not been subjected to rigorous empirical examination, even given the emphasis on retention as a justification for high remuneration of Chief Executive Officer. The following hypotheses are framed: Hypothesis 1: In family-controlled boards, Chief Executive Officers receive higher compensation. Hypothesis 2: Chief Executive Officers in family-controlled boards serve as Chief Executive Officer positions longer. 3.4Board Composition The role of the board is expected to represent shareholders, provide strategic guidance to and effective oversight of management, foster a culture of good governance, and promote a safe and healthy working environment within the company. In accordance to Hong Kong Stock Exchange Listing Rule 3.10, the board of directors is required to have at least three independent non-executive directors. The presence of â€Å"truly† independent non-executive directors in the corporate governance regime is seen as one way of mitigating agency problem associated with concentrated family ownership. In family-owned firms, given the influence of family control on the remuneration and performance relationships exists, where the majority of shares are in the hands of family members, under this circumstance, the executive and risk-bearer functions are merged and more of the wealth consequences of the executives’ decisions are internalized. In other words, there is less separation of ownership and control and thus lowering agency costs, which in turn leads to less cost for monitoring by outside directors. Therefore, firms closely controlled and managed by family members are expected to use lower proportion of outside directors compared with firms with disperse ownership. In widely held firms, with ownership dispersed among many investors, investors are often small and poorly informed to exercise even the control rights they actually have. Moreover, the free-rider problem faced by individual investors makes them uninterested in expending effort to learn about the firms they have financed, or even to participate in the governance (Shleifer and Vishny, 1997). As a result, the larger degree of separation of ownership and control in widely held firms leads to greater conflicts. The use of outside directors by widely held firms is expected to be more. 3.5Remuneration Committee In 1999, remuneration committees were uncommon in Hong Kong, with only few firms reporting their existence (Cheng Firth, 2005). Since 2006, Hong Kong Stock Exchange proposes a rule to require issuers to set up a remuneration committee, with the committee chairman and a majority of the members being Independent Non-executive Directors. In family-owned firms, the positions of the Chief Executive Officer are usually held by family members, who can influence the level of remuneration paid to directors. The Code on Corporate Governance Practices recommends remuneration committee to seek advice from the Chief Executive Officer on the matter of directors’ remuneration. The Code on Corporate Governance Practices recommends that the majority of remuneration committee members be Independent Non-executive Directors. The presence of Independent Non-executive Directors on the remuneration committee is supposed to be used as monitoring mechanism that prevents excessive remuneration for executive directors (Basu et al., 2007), including that of the Chief Executive Officer. The role of independent non-executive directors and large institutional shareholders becomes crucial to curtailing the possible self-serving behavior of top managers (HKSA, 2001). Studies of firms in other countries show conflicting results on the relationship between remuneration and remuneration committee. Some findings show that remuneration committees tend to reduce remuneration, whereas others report the opposite (Conyon Peck, 1998; Ezzamel Watson, 1998). However, in practice it is highly likely that the Chief Executive Officer has some influence over the compensation decision (Murphy, 1999). An important question relating to the composition of remuneration committee concerns the ideal combination of outsiders and insiders. Insiders may face distorted incentives due to their lack of independence from the Family Chief Executive Officer (Bushman et al., 2004). 3.6 Components of Remuneration The basic components of remuneration of Chief Executive Officer are similar, however, the relative level and weights on the components differ (Abowd and Kaplan, 1999, and Bryan et al., 2006). Generally, remuneration of Chief Executive Officer can be divided into four basic parts: a base salary, an annual bonus which is tied to some accounting measure of company performance, stock options, and long-term incentive plans, such as restricted stock plans and multi-year accounting-based performance plans. †¢ Base salary: is the fixed part of remuneration of Chief Executive Officer, causing risk-averse executives to prefer an increase in base salary rather than an increase in bonuses. Most components of remuneration are specified relative to base salary. †¢ Bonus: in addition to the base salary, most companies offer their executives an annual bonus plan based on a single year’s performance. The purpose of such bonuses, as well as options, is to align the incentives of the Chief Executive Officer with that of the shareholders. †¢ Stock options: are contracts, which give the owner the right to buy shares at a pre-specified exercise price. Stock options reward stock price appreciation, not total shareholder return, which includes dividends. In this study, stock options are excluded, as full details of such information would not be retrievable from annual reports. †¢ Other forms of compensation: restricted stock to be received by executives, it is restricted in the sense that shares are forfeited under certain conditions, which usually have to do with the longevity of employment. Many companies also have long-term incentive plans in addition to the bonus plans, which are based on annual performance. Top executives routinely participate in supplemental executive retirement plans in addition to the company-wide retirement plans. Most executives have some sort of severance arrangement. Finally, executives often receive benefits in the form of free use of company cars, housing, etc. Based on the various conceptual and empirical evidences presented above, this study aims to understand whether the remuneration of a Family Chief Executive Officer is influenced by the board composition, i.e. whether it is family-controlled or not. This ties into the original Hypothesis 1, thus, the further hypotheses is framed as follows: Hypothesis 3: The higher the proportion of independent non-executive members on the board of directors at family-board-controlled firms, the lower the Chief Executive Officer remuneration.

The Stages of the Haulocost Essay -- Hitler, Genocide, Jewish, human ri

Just before the second Great War, 6 million Jews were killed along with 5 million non-Jews (Miss Belevski, 2008, The Holocaust, slide #2). This atrocity and genocide of Jewish population was widely known as The Holocaust. The man who led genocide was Adolph Hitler, the leader of the Nazis, a fascist party that took control during the German Depression in the 1920s. When Hitler came in power, one of his promises was to end the â€Å"Question of the Jews†. A series of steps of the Holocaust was the â€Å"Stages of Isolation† (Miss Belevski, 2008, Stages of Isolation: Holocaust, p.1). This plan which was created by Hitler made millions die in vain. ‘In 1935, the law of Nuremberg Race was decreed’ (Miss Belevski, 2008, Stages of Isolation: Holocaust, p.2); this was the first step of the â€Å"Stages of Isolation†. With this new policy, Jewish people were stripped out of their rights; they were pulled out of schools, fired from work, and no longer held th e title â€Å"persons† or a citizen of Germany. Step two was segregation. Jews were transported to â€Å"ghettos† and many died of starvation or disease. Step 3 and 4 were concentration camps and extermination, where the mass killings began. Jews were forced into concentration camps where they would work till they die. In order to take away their identity and treat them as animals, they were not allowed to have hair or wear clothes. Many inhumane practices and terrifying stories happened in these deadly camps, such as laboratory experiments, human flesh purses, and the lady who swallowed her diamonds because that was all she had. Extermination killed millions of Jews, people who did not die from the concentration camps would be gassed in gas chambers, and mobile killing units were established to eliminate J... ...soners’ (Miss Belevski, 2008, The Holocaust, slide â€Å"Cold heart Facts†). We learnt an important lesson from the Holocaust and now we must stand up and protest for what is justice and what we believe in. To ensure peace and humanity in our world we must take action and be part of the solution. Problems in our world today, such as global warming, poverty cycle in Africa and the war in Iraq all relate to us and we must use our powers and strengths to help in anyway we can. We must not think like the countries during the 30s, these problems are not far away and they do concern us indirectly and directly. We must not blame God for what have happened. God was simply testing our abilities to protect and stand up for what is justice and humanity. We must learn from our lesson and stay united to ensure mistakes such as the Holocaust and other genocides will never occur again.

Facilitate the Counselling Process Assessment Essay

I declare that this assessment is my own work, based on my own personal research/study . I also declare that this assessment, nor parts of it, has not been previously submitted for any other unit/module or course, and that I have not copied in part or whole or otherwise plagiarised the work of another student and/or persons. I have read the ACAP Student Plagiarism and Academic Misconduct Policy and understand its implications. I also declare, if this is a practical skills assessment, that a Client/Interviewee Consent Form has been read and signed by both parties, and where applicable parental consent has been obtained. 1. Name two signs you would look for to let you know Vara is ready to end counselling. Two signs I would look for to let me know that Vara is ready to end counselling are, firstly, if Vara is sounding a lot more confident and she looks a lot happier, then she probably is. Secondly, if Vara started to run out of issues to raise and discuss in counselling. I would be able to recognise that Vara is ready to end counselling. 2. Briefly describe how you would support Vara’s sense of autonomy. I would support Vara’s sense of autonomy by, acknowledging and helping her to recognise, her achievements since beginning with counselling. I would summarise these achievements for Vara. Vara has spoken to her husband Alec, and made him aware of her feelings. This is something she found quite difficult to do in the past. Since Vara communicated her feelings of ‘being fed up and wanting to end the marriage’, Vara and Alec have decided to trial a three month separation. In speaking up for herself she has generated real change in her life. Both Vara and her husband Alec, are looking into the possibility of seeing a marriage counsellor. In seeking this kind of counselling she is showing strength of character, she is looking for solutions and not just running away from her problems. She has the friendship and support of Julie and is trying to increase her work hours as a translator. I would acknowledge that it was Vara that made these changes in her life, not me. This will empower Vara with the confidence to know that she is a strong and capable women who can stand up for herself. 3. Briefly describe how you would inform her about opportunities for further support. I would inform Vara about opportunities for further support, by communicating to her that although our counselling sessions will be coming to an end, she is always able to reconnect with me, if she feels the need. Vara has indicated that she and her husband are interested in pursuing marriage counselling. I could provide Vara with some contacts for marriage counselling in her local area. Or, if she felt more comfortable, I could arrange a referral for her to a marriage counsellor that I think would be a good match for her. 4. Briefly describe three key steps to assist the process of ending the counselling process with this client. I would start this process a few sessions before the final counselling appointment. Firstly, I would encourage Vara to express any concerns she may have in regards to managing on her own without the support of the counselling relationship. I would be encouraging Vara to express her feelings about ending the counselling relationship. This will give Vara an opportunity to reflect and prepare for ending the counselling sessions. I would set the final appointment sometime in the future, so that Vara can have time to adjust to the thought of managing on her own. Secondly, I would plan with Vara to have a longer interval between our appointments, so that Vara can try out coping with her issues on her own. This will enable Vara to discuss any lingering issues that may need some attention before ending the counselling relationship. Lastly I would summarise for Vara the progress she has made, and acknowledge all the accomplishments she has made. She is now a stronger more capable women, who can stand up for herself and take care of herself. I would make sure that Vara knows that I have an open door policy, and that if she ever felt the need to reconnect with me, I would be happy to see her again. 5. Give an example of what you might say to Vara when ending counselling to ensure the underlying issues are managed. An example of what I might say to Vara when ending counselling to ensure any underlying issues are managed is, ‘Vara can you describe for me some of the strategies you have been using to help bring about the changes you have made’. This will give Vara the opportunity to reflect on how she has implemented these changes, and will reinforce the fact that it was Vara who has facilitated these changes, not me. I would also say ‘what do you think could be some coping skills you could use if these issues start to come up again’. This will give Vara the opportunity to reflect on how she has coped with these issues in the past, and to list some coping strategies that work best for her and her situation. Again this will reinforce the fact that Vara is the one who is coping with her situation, not me. I would also say ‘can you tell me again, what some of your underlying issues have been’. This will help Vara identify what the core issues are, and will make it easier for her to recognise if these issues come up again, so that she is ready to deal with them. 6. Provide an example of one of your session client notes. Client session notes. Clients Name: Vara Clients Age: 56 Date of session: 20/11/14 Session # 8 Session Duration: 60 minutes Others present: Nil Status of session: Kept Location: Office Information given by client: Vara is a 56 year old Polish immigrant. Came to Australia 25 years ago. She has raised 3 children who have all left home. Feeling very unhappy and ‘trapped’ in her marriage. Husband is ‘traditional’ male, who controls finances and has a ferocious temper. She has been secretly working and saving money. She wants to live her own life, but fearful of how she will cope on her own. She still loves her husband Alec. Summary of client’s issues: Vara has spoken to Alec and they have agreed to a 3 month trial separation, they are looking into marriage counselling. I have offered her a list of marriage counsellors in her area and offered a referral if preferred. Vara will be living with her friend Julie during her separation, and will be seeking more work hours as a translator. Notes of counsellor: I feel that Vara has made enormous progress in counselling, and believe that at this point she would benefit from marriage counselling. I have agreed to see her again if she feels the need arises.

Events Leading to the Scramble for Africa

The Scramble for Africa (1880–1900) was a period of rapid colonization of the African continent by European powers. But it wouldnt have happened except for the particular economic, social, and military evolution Europe was going through. Europeans in Africa up to the 1880s By the beginning of the 1880s, only a small part of Africa was under European rule, and that area was largely restricted to the coast and a short distance inland along major rivers such as the Niger and the Congo. Britain had Freetown in Sierra Leone, forts along the coast of The Gambia, a presence at Lagos, the Gold Coast protectorate, and a fairly major set of colonies in Southern Africa (Cape Colony, Natal, and the Transvaal which it had annexed in 1877).Southern Africa also had the independent Boer Oranje-Vrystaat (Orange Free State).France had settlements at Dakar and St Louis in Senegal and had penetrated a fair distance up the river Senegal, the Assinie, and Grand Bassam regions of Cote dIvoire, a protectorate over the coastal region of Dahomey (now Benin), and had begun colonization of Algeria as early as 1830.Portugal had long-established bases in Angola (first arriving in 1482, and subsequently retaking the port of Luanda from the Dutch in 1648) and Mozambique (first arriving in 1498 and creating trading posts by 1505).Spain had small enclaves in northwest Africa at Ceuta and Melilla (à frica Septentrional Espaà ±ola or Spanish North Africa).The Ottoman Turks controlled Egypt, Lib ya, and Tunisia (the strength of Ottoman rule varied greatly). Causes of the Scramble for Africa There were several factors that created the impetus for the Scramble for Africa, and most of these were to do with events in Europe rather than in Africa. End of the Slave Trade:  Britain had had some success in halting the slave trade around the shores of Africa, but inland the story was different. Muslim traders from north of the Sahara and on the East Coast still traded inland, and many local chiefs were reluctant to give up the use of slaves. Reports of slaving trips and markets were brought back to Europe by various explorers such as David Livingstone, and abolitionists in Britain and Europe were calling for more to be done.Exploration:  During the 19th century, barely a year went by without a European expedition into Africa. The boom in exploration was triggered to a great extent by the creation of the African Association by wealthy Englishmen in 1788, who wanted someone to find the fabled city of Timbuktu and chart the course of the Niger River. As the 19th century wore on, the goal of the European explorer changed, and rather than traveling out of pure curiosity they began to record details of markets, goods, and resources for the wealthy philanthropists who financed their trips.Henry Morton Stanley:  This naturalized American (born in Wales) was the explorer most closely connected to the start of the Scramble for Africa. Stanley had crossed the continent and located the missing Livingstone, but he is more infamously known for his explorations on behalf of King Leopold II of Belgium. Leopold hired Stanley to obtain treaties with local chieftains along the course of the River Congo with an eye on creating his own colony. Belgium was not in a financial position to fund a colony at that time. Stanleys work triggered a rush of European explorers such as the German journalist Carl Peters to do the same for various European countries.Capitalism:  The end of European trading in slaves left a need for commerce between Europe and Africa. Capitalists may have seen the light over slavery, but they still wanted to exploit the continent. New legitimate trade would be encouraged. Explorers located vast reserves of raw materials, plotted the course of trade routes, navigated rivers, and identified population centers that could serve as markets for manufactured goods from Europe. It was a time of plantations and cash crops, when the regions workforce was put to work to producing rubber, coffee, sugar, palm oil, timber, etc for Europe. And the benefits were more enticing if a colony could be set up, which gave the European nation a monopoly.Steam Engines and Iron Hulled Boats:  In 1840, the  first British ocean-going iron warship called Nemesis  arrived at Macao, south China. It changed the face of international relations between Europe and the rest of the world. The  Nemesis  had a shallow draft (five feet), a hull of iron, and two powerful steam engines. It could navigate the non-tidal sections of rivers, allowing inland access, and it was heavily armed. Livingstone used a steamer to travel up the Zambezi River in 1858 and had the parts transported overland to Lake Nyassa. Steame rs also allowed Henry Morton Stanley and Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza to explore the Congo.Quinine and Medical Advances:  Africa, especially the western regions, was known as the White Mans Grave because of the danger of two diseases: malaria and yellow fever. During the 18th century, only one in 10 Europeans sent out to the continent by the Royal African Company survived. Six of the 10 died in their first year. In 1817, French scientists Pierre-Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Bienaimà © Caventou extracted quinine from the bark of the South American cinchona tree. It proved to be the solution to malaria; Europeans could now survive the  ravages of the disease  in Africa. Unfortunately,  yellow fever  continued to be a problem, and even today there is no specific treatment for the disease.Politics:  After the creation of a unified Germany (1871) and Italy (a longer process, but its capital relocated to Rome in 1871) there was no room left in Europe for expansion. Britain, Fran ce, and Germany were in an intricate political dance, trying to maintain their dominance, and an overseas empire would secure it. France, which had lost two provinces to Germany in 1870, looked to Africa to gain more territory. Britain looked toward Egypt and the control of the Suez Canal as well as pursuing territory in gold-rich southern Africa. Germany, under the expert management of  Chancellor Bismarck, had come late to the idea of overseas colonies but was now fully convinced of their worth. All that was needed was some mechanism to be put in place to stop overt conflict over the coming land grab.Military Innovation: At the beginning of the 19th century, Europe was only marginally ahead of Africa in terms of available weapons, as traders had long supplied them to local chiefs and many had stockpiles of guns and gunpowder. But two innovations gave Europe a massive advantage. In the late 1860s, percussion caps were being incorporated into cartridges. What previously came as a separate bullet, powder, and wadding was now a single entity, easily transported and relatively weatherproof. The second innovation was the breech-loading rifle. Older model muskets, held by most Africans, were front loaders, which were slow to use (maximum of three rounds per minute) and had to be loaded while standing. Breech-loading guns, in comparison, could be fired between two to four times faster and could be loaded even in a prone position. Europeans, with an eye to colonization and conquest, restricted the sale of the new weaponry to Africa maintaining military superiority. The Mad Rush Into Africa in the Early 1880s Within just 20 years, the political face of Africa had changed, with only Liberia (a colony run by ex-African-American slaves) and Ethiopia remaining free of European control. The start of the 1880s saw a rapid increase in European nations claiming territory in Africa: In 1880, the region to the north of the river Congo became a French protectorate following a treaty between the King of the Bateke, Makoko, and the explorer Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza.In 1881, Tunisia became a French protectorate and the Transvaal regained its independence.In 1882, Britain occupied Egypt (France pulled out of joint occupation), and Italy began colonization of Eritrea.In 1884, British and French Somaliland were created.In 1884,  German South West Africa, Cameroon, German East Africa, and Togo were created and Rà ­o de Oro claimed by Spain. Europeans Set the Rules for Dividing up the Continent The  Berlin Conference of 1884–1885  (and the resultant  General Act of the Conference at Berlin) laid down ground rules for the further partitioning of Africa. Navigation on the Niger and Congo rivers was to be free to all, and to declare a protectorate over a region the European colonizer must show effective occupancy and develop a sphere of influence. The floodgates of European colonization had opened. Sources and Further Reading Bryceson, Deborah Fahy. The Scramble in Africa: Reorienting Rural Livelihoods. World Development 30.5 (2002): 725–39.Chamberlain, Muriel Evelyn. The Scramble for Africa, 3rd ed. London: Routledge, 2010.Michalopoulos, Stelios, and Elias Papaioannou. The Long-Run Effects of the Scramble for Africa. American Economic Review 106.7 (2016): 1802–48.Pakenham, Thomas. The Scramble For Africa. Little, Brown: 2015.